In America, the separation of powers allows different groups to protect their interests while maintaining existing rules, tax breaks, and policies. This forces authorities to add new layers of rules to existing ones rather than developing new simple solutions. Over time, the system becomes more and more convoluted. Researcher Steve Teles of Johns Hopkins University has called such a phenomenon a “kludgeocracy” – a system overloaded with complex and uncoordinated rules. For example, because of this, most Americans have to go to a specialist to fill in a tax return, while in the UK most people do not need to do this at all.

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